- “AGA Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Laboratory Evaluation of Functional Diarrhea and Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults (IBS-D):Patient Summary.” Gastroenterology, vol. 157, no. 3, 2019, pp. 856–857., doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2019.07.038.
- Aggarwal, Vipul, et al. “Role of Capsule Endoscopy and Fecal Biomarkers in Small-Bowel Crohns Disease to Assess Remission and Predict Relapse.” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, vol. 86, no. 6, 2017, pp. 1070–1078.,doi:10.1016/j.gie.2017.09.011.
- B. Abraham, S. Kane. Fecal markers: calprotectin and lactoferrin. (Purchase required to view full text) 2013. Gastroenterol Clin N Am. 41. 483-495.
- Bennike, Tue. “Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Current Status and Proteomics Identification Strategies.” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol.20, no. 12, 2014, p. 3231., doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3231.
- J. Boone, L. Archibald-Pannone, K. Wickham, R. Carman, R. Guerrant, C. Franck, D. Lyerly.
Ribotype 027 Clostridium difficile infections with measurable stool toxin have increased lactoferrin and are associated with a higher mortality.
2014. Eur J Clin Microbial Infect Dis. 33 (6) 1045-51. - J. Boone, J. DiPersio, M. Tan, S. Salstrom, K. Wickham, R. Carman, H. Totty, R. Albert, D. Lyerly.
Elevated lactoferrin is associated with moderate to severe Clostridium difficile disease, stool toxin, and 027 infections. 2013. Eur J Clin Microbial Infect Dis. 32: 1517-1523. - Buderus, Stephan, et al. “Fecal Lactoferrin: Reliable Biomarker for Intestinal Inflammation in Pediatric IBD.” Gastroenterology Research and Practice, vol.2015, 2015, pp. 1–4., doi:10.1155/2015/578527.
- Dai, Cong, et al. “Fecal Lactoferrin for Assessment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity.” Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2019, p. 1.,doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000001212.
- Dai, Jun, et al. “Relationship between Fecal Lactoferrin and Inflammatory Bowel Disease.” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 42, no. 12, 2007, pp.1440–1444., doi:10.1080/00365520701427094.
- G. Van Assch, S. Hanauer. Fecal biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease. (Purchase required to view full text) 2011. Gastro and Hep 7:6. 396-398.
- Hall IC, O’Toole E, 1935. Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am J Dis Childhood. 49: 390‐402.
- Hubert B, Loo VG, Bourgault AM, Poirier L, Dascal A, Fortin E et al, 2007. A portrait of the geographic dissemination of the Clostridium difficile North American pulse‐field type 1 strain and the epidemiology of C. difficile‐associated disease in Québec. Clin Infect Dis. 44:238‐244.
- Interview with Dr. Bincy P. Abraham, MD, MS. “Fecal Lactoferrin Testing.” Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2018.
- Boone JH, DiPersio JR, Tan MJ, Salstrom SJ, Wickham KN, Carman RJ, Totty HR, Albert RE, and Lyerly DM, 2013. Elevated lactoferrin is associated with moderate to severe Clostridium difficile disease, stool toxin, and 027 infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 32:1517‐1523.
- Boone JH, Archbald‐Pannone LR, Wickham KN, Carman RJ, Guerrant RL, Franck CT, Lyerly DM, 2014. Ribotype 027 Clostridium difficile infections with measurable stool toxin have increased lactoferrin and are associated with a higher mortality. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Published online.
- J. Däbritz, J. Musci, D. Foell. Diagnostic utility of faecal biomarkers in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. 2014. World Journal of Gastroenterol 20:2. 363-375.
- L. Archibald-Pannone, J. Sevilleja, R. Guerrant. Diarrhea, Clostridium difficile, and intestinal inflammation in residents of a long-term care facility. 2010. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 11 (4): 263-7.
Intestinal Inflammation Publications
Lactoferrin
- P. LaSala, T. Eckhmimi, A. Hill, I. Farooqi, P. Perrotta. Quantitative fecal lactoferrin in toxin-positive and toxin-negative Clostridium difficile specimens. 2012. J Clin Microbial. DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02735-12.
- Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, Michaud S et al, 2005. A predominantly clonal multi‐ institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile‐ associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med. 352: 2442‐2449.
- Lopes, Susana, et al. “Correlation Between Calprotectin and Modified Rutgeerts Score.” Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, vol. 22, no. 9, 2016, pp. 2173–2181.,doi:10.1097/mib.0000000000000850.
- M. Parsi, B. Shen, J. Achkar, F. Remzi, J. Goldblum, J. Boone, D. Lin, J. Connor, V. Fazio, B. Lashner. Fecal lactoferrin for diagnosis of symptomatic patients with ileal pouch- anal anastomosis. 2004. Gastroenterology 126. 1280-1286.
- M. Wren, M. Sivapalan, R. Kinson, N. Shetty. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. An evaluation of tests for faecal toxin, glutamate dehydrogenase, lactoferrin and toxigenic culture in the diagnostics laboratory. 2008. Br J Biomed Sci. 661 (1): 1-5.
- McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, Owens RC Jr, Kazakova SV, Sambol SP et al, 2005. An epidemic, toxin gene‐variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 353:2433‐2441.
- Mosli, Mahmoud H, et al. “C-Reactive Protein, Fecal Calprotectin, and Stool Lactoferrin for Detection of Endoscopic Activity in Symptomatic Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 110, no. 6, 2015, pp. 802–819.,doi:10.1038/ajg.2015.120.
- LaSala PR, Ekhmimi T, Hill AK, Farooqi I, Perrotta PL, 2012. Quantitative fecal lactoferrin in toxin‐positive and toxin‐negative Clostridium difficile specimens. J Clin Micrbiol. 51 (1): 311‐313.
- R. El Feghaly, J. Stauber, E. Deych, C. Gonzalez, P. Tarr, D. Haslam.
Markers of intestinal inflammation, not bacterial burden, correlate with clinical outcomes in Clostridium difficile infection.
2013. Clinical Infectious Diseases 56 (12): 1713-2 - R. Sidhu, P. Wilson, A. Wright, C. Yau, F. D’Cruz, L. Foye, S. Morley, A. Lobo, M. Mcalindon, D. Sanders. Faecal lactoferrin—a novel test to differentiate between the irritable and inflamed bowel? 2010. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 31. 1365-1370.
- Rubio, Marrieth G, et al. “Fecal Lactoferrin Accurately Reflects MucosalInflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.” World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, vol. 10, no. 5, 2019, pp. 54–63., doi:10.4291/wjgp.v10.i5.54.
- S. Kane, W. Sandborn, P. Rufo, A. Zholudev, J. Boone, D. Lyerly, M. Camilleri, S. Hanauer. Fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specific marker in identifying intestinal inflammation. (Purchase required to view full text) 2003. Am J Gastroenterol 98:6. 1309-1314.
- S. Pawlowski, L. Archibald-Pannone, R. Carman, C. Alcantara-Warren, D. Lyerly, C. Genheimer, D. Gerding, R. Guerrant. Elevated levels of intestinal inflammation in Clostridium difficile infection associated with fluoroquinolone-resistant C. difficile. 2009. J Hosp Infect. 73 (2): 185-187.
- Schiller, Lawrence R. “Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea and Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Diarrhea in Adults in the Era of Precision Medicine.” American Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 113, no. 5, 2018, pp. 660–669., doi:10.1038/s41395-018-0032-9.
- Sidhu, R., et al. “Faecal Lactoferrin – a Novel Test to Differentiate between theIrritable and Inflamed Bowel?” Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.31, no. 12, 2010, pp. 1365–1370., doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04306.x.
- T. Walker, M. Land, A. Kartashov, T. Saslowsky, D. Lyerly, J. Bonne, P. Rufo. Fecal lactoferrin is a sensitive and specific marker of disease activity in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (Subscription required to view full text) 2007. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 44:4. 414-422.
- Wang, Yan et al. “Diagnostic accuracy of fecal lactoferrin for inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis.” Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015;8(10):12319-12332.
- Zhou, Xing-Lu, et al. “Fecal Lactoferrin in Discriminating Inflammatory Bowel Disease from Irritable Bowel Syndrome: a Diagnostic Meta-Analysis.” BMC Gastroenterology, vol. 14, no. 1, July 2014, doi:10.1186/1471-230x-14-121.
ASCA
- Mojdehbakhsh, R. Serial fecal ASCA measurements in the evaluation of children with Crohn disease. New York University, 2015.
- Tang, Vivian, et al. “Assessment of Fecal ASCA Measurement as a Biomarker of Crohn Disease in Pediatric Patients.” Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, vol. 64, no. 2, 2017, pp. 248–253., doi:10.1097/mpg.0000000000001244.
LACTOFERRIN SCAN®
- Ribotype 027 is Associated with Increased Lactoferrin and Toxin in Patients with Clinically Defined C. difficile Disease
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2011, New Orleans, LA - Evaluation of Fecal Lactoferrin, CRP and Clinical Activity Indices for Assessing the Presence of Intestinal Inflammation in IBD and IBS Patients Classified by Ileocolonoscopy
- Comparison of CRP, Clinical Activity Indices and Fecal Lactoferrin with Disease Status in Ileocolonoscopy of Patients with IBD and IBS
Digestive Disease Week, May 2006, Los Angeles, CA
- A Comparison Among Four Neutrophil-Derived Proteins in Feces as Indicator of Disease Activity in Ulcerative Colitis
Digestive Disease Week, May 2004, New Orleans, LA - Serial Fecal Lactoferrin Measurements are Useful in the Interval Assessment of Patients with Active and Inactive Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Digestive Disease Week, May 2004, New Orleans, LA - Fecal Lactoferrin: Sensitive Marker for Monitoring Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Digestive Disease Week, May 2003, Orlando, FL
LACTOFERRIN CHEK®
- Clinical Evaluation of the IBD-CHEK® Test for Detecting Elevated Fecal Lactoferrin as an Indicator of Intestinal Inflammation in Pediatric Patients
Digestive Disease Week, May 2003, Orlando, FL
LEUKO EZ VUE®
- A New Test for the Detection of White Blood Cells in Stool Samples, excerpted with permission from the MSCLS Newslinks newsletter Volume 21, Issue 6
- Boone JH, 2010. Determining Severity for Patients with C. difficile Disease. TECHLAB Diarrhea Digest. Spring, 6‐8.
Fecal Lactoferrin Measurements in Clinical Practice presented by Dr. Paul A. Rufo