- Calderaro, A et al. Characterization of Clostridioides difficile Strains from an Outbreak Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Microorganisms 2022, 10(7), 1477. Publication Date: June 29, 2022.
- Lyerly, D et al. Clostridioides difficile Infection: The Challenge, Tests, and Guidelines. ACS Infect. Dis. 2020, 6, 11, 2818–2829. Publication Date: September 22, 2020.
- ASM Recommendations for CDI
- Burnham, Carey-Ann D, et al. “Clostridium difficile —Diagnostic and Clinical Challenges.” Clinical Chemistry, vol. 62, no. 2, Jan. 2016, pp. 310–314.,doi:10.1373/clinchem.2015.243717.
- Caulfield, Adam J., et al. “Evaluation of 4 Molecular Assays as Part of a 2-Step Algorithm for the Detection of Clostridium difficile in Stool Specimens.” Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol. 91, no. 1, 2018, pp. 1–5., doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.12.018.
- CDC: Testing for C. difficile and Standardized Infection Ratios, National Healthcare Safety Network, 2019
- Dubberke ER et al. 2011. Impact of clinical symptoms on interpretation of diagnostic assays for Clostridium difficile infections. J Clinical Microbiology. 49(8):2887-93.
- European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases: update of the diagnostic guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection. Crobach M.J.T., Planche T., Eckert C., Barbut F., Terveer E.M., Dekkers O.M., Wilcox M.H., Kuijper E.J. (2016) Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22 , pp. S63-S81.
- Gilligan PH. 2015. Optimizing the Laboratory Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile Infection . Clin Lab Med. 35: 299–312.
- Guh, Alice Y, et al. “Toxin Enzyme Immunoassays Detect Clostridioides difficile Infection With Greater Severity and Higher Recurrence Rates.” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 69, no. 10, 2019, pp. 1667–1674., doi:10.1093/cid/ciz009.
- Johnson, Stuart. “The Rise and Fall and Rise Again of Toxin Testing for the Diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile Infection.” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 69,no. 10, July 2019, pp. 1675–1677., doi:10.1093/cid/ciz012.
C. difficile Publications
C. difficile
- Kong, Ling Yuan, et al. “The Perils of PCR-Based Diagnosis of Clostridioides difficile Infections: Painful Lessons from Clinical Trials.” Anaerobe, vol. 60, 2019,p.102048., doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.06.001.
- Kumar, Shankar, et al. “Diagnosis and Outcome Of Clostridium difficile infection by Toxin Enzyme Immunoassay and Polymerase Chain Reaction in an Island Population.” Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 32, no. 2, 2017,pp. 415–419., doi:10.1111/jgh.13504.
- McDonald et al. 2018. Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). IDSA CID 2018:66
- Planche T et al. 2013. Differences in outcome according to Clostridium difficile testing method: a prospective multicenter diagnostic validation study of C. difficile infection. The Lancet: Infectious Diseases. 13: 936-45.
- Polage CR et al., 2015. Overdiagnosis of Clostridium difficile Infection in the Molecular Test Era . JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(11):1792–1801. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.4114.
- Quinn et al., 2010. C. Diff Quik Chek Complete Enzyme Immunoassay Provides a Reliable First-Line Method for Detection of Clostridium difficile in Stool Specimens . J Clinical Microbiology. 48(2):603-05.
- Sharp S et al., 2010. Evaluation of the C.Diff Quik Chek Complete Assay, a new glutamate dehydrogenase and A/B toxin combination lateral flow assay for use in rapid, simple diagnosis of Clostridium difficile disease . J Clinical Microbiology. 48(6):2082-86.
- Swindells et al. 2010. Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests for Clostridium difficile Infection . J Clinical Microbiology. 48(2):606-608.
C. difficile and Intestinal Inflammation
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The role of intestinal inflammation in Clostridioides difficile disease
- Boone JH, Archbald‐Pannone LR, Wickham KN, Carman RJ, Guerra
- Boone JH, Archbald‐Pannone LR, Wickham KN, Carman RJ, Guerrant RL, Franck CT, Lyerly DM, 2014. Ribotype 027 Clostridium difficile infections with measurable stool toxin have increased lactoferrin and are associated with a higher mortality . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. Published online.
- Boone JH, DiPersio JR, Tan MJ, Salstrom SJ, Wickham KN, Carman RJ, Totty HR, Albert RE, and Lyerly DM, 2013. Elevated lactoferrin is associated with moderate to severe Clostridium difficile disease, stool toxin, and 027 infection . Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 32:1517‐1523.
- Hall IC, O’Toole E, 1935. Intestinal flora in newborn infants with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis . Am J Dis Childhood. 49: 390‐402.
- Hubert B, Loo VG, Bourgault AM, Poirier L, Dascal A, Fortin E et al, 2007. A portrait of the geographic dissemination of the Clostridium difficile North American pulse‐field type 1 strain and the epidemiology of C. difficile‐associated disease in Québec . Clin Infect Dis. 44:238‐244.
- Feghaly, Rana E. El, et al. “Markers of Intestinal Inflammation, Not Bacterial Burden, Correlate With Clinical Outcomes in Clostridium difficile
Infection.” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 56, no. 12, 2013, pp. 1713–1721., doi:10.1093/cid/cit147. - Gupta, Annu, et al. “Diagnostic Modality of Clostridioides difficile Infection Predicts Treatment Response and Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel
Disease.” Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 2020, doi:10.1007/s10620-020-06205-6. - LaSala PR, Ekhmimi T, Hill AK, Farooqi I, Perrotta PL, 2012. Quantitative fecal lactoferrin in toxin‐positive and toxin‐negative Clostridium difficile specimens. J Clin Micrbiol. 51 (1): 311‐313.
- Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, Oughton M, Libman MD, Michaud S et al, 2005. A predominantly clonal multi‐ institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile‐ associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med. 352: 2442‐2449. 8.
- McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, Owens RC Jr, Kazakova SV, Sambol SP et al, 2005. An epidemic, toxin gene‐variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 353:2433‐2441.
C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE®
- C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE® (PDF)
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2011, New Orleans, LA - Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Samples from Inpatient and Outpatient Populations (PDF)
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2011, New Orleans, LA - A New Rapid Combination Test for Clostridium difficile Antigen and Toxins A and B in Feces – Evaluation of the C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE® (PDF)
American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2009, Philadelphia, PA - Evaluation of Biological and Immunological Stability of Clostridium difficile Glutamate Dehydrogenase and Toxin at Different Storage Conditions in Stool Specimens. American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2018, Atlanta, GA
- Comparison of the C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE®, a Rapid Combination Test for Clostridium difficile GDH Antigen and Toxins A and B in Feces with Bacterial Culture and Cytotoxin Assay (PDF)
American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2009, Philadelphia, PA - Clinical Evaluation of a New Enzyme Immunoassay (C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE®) for the Rapid and Simultaneous Detection of Clostridium-Glutamate Dehydrogenase and C. difficile Toxin A/B (PDF)
American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2009, Philadelphia, PA - Comparison of the CERTEST Clostridium difficile GDH+Toxin A+B test with the C. DIFF QUIK CHEK COMPLETE® assay
26th ECCMID, April 2016, Amsterdam, Netherlands
C. DIFF QUIK CHEK®
- Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is Highly Conserved Among Clostridium difficile Ribotypes
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2011, New Orleans, LA - Use of a Rapid Antigen Test, C. DIFF QUIK CHEK®, as a Screening Test for C. difficile Disease
American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2007, Toronto, Canada
- Detection of Clostridium difficile in fecal specimens using a new rapid antigen test, the C. DIFF QUIK CHEK®
American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2006, Orlando, FL - Multicenter Evaluation of a Rapid Test for Detection of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Specimens
American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2006, Orlando, FL - Two Rapid Tests for Detection of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Specimens
American Society for Microbiology meeting, June 2005, Atlanta, GA
TOX A/B QUIK CHEK®
- Comparative Evaluation of Six Commercially Available Assays for the Detection of Clostridium difficile Toxins in Fecal Specimens
- Comparison of the C. difficile TOX A/B QUIK CHEK® with commercial C. difficile A+B ELISAs
American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2006, Orlando, FL
- Comparison of the TOX A/B QUIK CHEK® to tissue culture assay and to a commercial A+B ELISA for the detection of Clostridium difficile toxins in fecal specimens
American Society for Microbiology meeting, May 2006, Orlando, FL - A New Rapid Test for Detecting Clostridium difficile Toxins A and B in Fecal Specimens
American Society for Microbiology meeting, June 2005, Atlanta, GA
C. DIFF CHEK ™ – 60
- Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is Highly Conserved Among Clostridium difficile Ribotypes
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2011, New Orleans, LA - Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Samples from Inpatient and Outpatient Populations
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2011, New Orleans, LA - Multicenter Evaluation of a New Screening Test That Detects Clostridium difficile in Fecal Specimens
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, August 2004 - Six Rapid Tests for Direct Detection of Clostridium difficile and Its Toxins in Fecal Samples Compared with the Fibroblast Cytotoxicity Assay
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, February 2003 - Evaluation of Biosite Triage Clostridium difficile Panel for Rapid Detection of Clostridium difficile in Stool Samples
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, May 2001 - C. DIFF CHEK™ -60: A Rapid and Cost Effective Method for Detection of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Specimens
Clinical Virology meeting, 2006, Clearwater, FL - Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Samples from Inpatient and Outpatient Populations
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2011, New Orleans, LA
- Performance of TECHLAB® C. DIFF CHEK™ in Combination with C. DIFFICILE TOX A/B II™, Triage® C. difficile Panels, and a Cytotoxin Assay for the Diagnosis of C. difficile-Associated Diarrhea (CDAD)
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2004, New Orleans, LA - Evaluation of C. DIFF CHEK™, a Screening Test for Clostridium difficile
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2004, New Orleans, LA - Comparison of Screening Tests for Detection of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Specimens
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2004, New Orleans, LA - Evaluation of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of the Clostridium difficile Common Antigen, Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH), in Fecal Specimens
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2003, Washington DC - Evaluation of a Screening Test for Detection of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Specimens
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2003, Washington, DC - Evaluation of the TechLab C. DIFF CHEK™–30 and C. DIFF CHEK™–60 for Detection of C. difficile in Fecal Specimens
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2003, Washington, DC
C. DIFFICILE TOX A/B II ™
- Prevalence of Clostridium difficile in Fecal Samples from Inpatient and Outpatient Populations
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2011, New Orleans, LA - Six Rapid Tests for Direct Detection of Clostridium difficile and Its Toxins in Fecal Samples Compared with the Fibroblast Cytotoxicity Assay
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, February 2003 - Fatal Pseudomembranous Colitis Associated with a Variant Clostridium difficile Strain Not Detected by Toxin A Immunoassay
Annals of Internal Medicine, September 2001 - Genetic Characterization of Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Clostridium difficile Isolates by PCR
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, August 2000 - Characterization of a Toxin A-Negative, Toxin B-Positive Strain of Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, July 2000
- Pseudomembranous Colitis Caused by a Toxin A- B+ Strain of Clostridium difficile
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, April 2000 - An Outbreak of Toxin A Negative, Toxin B Positive Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea in a Canadian Tertiary-Care Hospital
Canada Communicable Disease Report, April 1999 - Multicenter Evaluation of the Clostridium difficile TOX A/B TEST
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, January 1998 - Comparative Evaluation of Six Commercially Available Assays for the Detection of Clostridium difficile Toxins in Fecal Specimens
- Performance of TECHLAB® C. DIFF CHEK™ in Combination with C. DIFFICILE TOX A/B II™, Triage® C. difficile Panels, and a Cytotoxin Assay for the Diagnosis of C. difficile-Associated Diarrhea (CDAD)
American Society of Microbiology meeting, May 2004, New Orleans, LA
- Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI) and Inflammation
- Boone JH, 2010. Determining Severity for Patients with C. difficile Disease. TECHLAB Diarrhea Digest. Spring, 6‐8.
- Best Practices Review of Algorithmic-based assays that include NAAT for the diagnosis of C. difficile presented by Dr. James Snyder, PhD
- C. difficile Spores and More